產品名稱：Anti-Spermatozoa Antibody (ASA) serum ELISAAnti-Spermatozoa Antibody (ASA) serum ELISA
產    地：Demeditec 
產品貨號：DE1020
產品規格：96 Tests
產品說明：
Special remarks:
1.Intended Use
The  anti-spermatozoa  antibody  ELISA  is  a  reliable  and  quantitative  test  for  the  determination antibodies directed against human spermatozoa. This test is intended for the use with serum. Please note: the terms “anti-spermatozoa antibodies”, “anti-sperm antibodies” and “sperm antibodies” are equivalent. In these instructions the rather unwieldy but correct term “anti-spermatozoa antibodies” is used.
2.Clinical Relevance
Antibodies  directed  against  spermatozoa  antigens  may  cause  infertility  in  women  or  men.  The application   of   the   Anti-Spermatozoa   Antibody   ELISA   is   recommended   for   the   diagnosis   of immunologically caused disorders of fertility. Unwanted childlessness is a growing problem with which up to 20% of all couples in the reproductive age are confronted temporarily or long-term. In 20% of these cases the presence of anti-spermatozoa antibodies in the male or the female patient is detectable (Lahteenmaki A et al: Hum Reprod (1995) 10, 2824-28; Nagy ZP et al: Hum Reprod (1995) 10, 1775-80). The  definition  of  infertility  according  to  the  WHO  (WHO  Laboratory  Manual  for  the  Examination  of Human Semen and Semen Cervical-Mucus Interaction, 1999) is the absence of a conception within 12 months  of  unprotected  intercourse.  The  main  cause  of  an  immunological  fertility  disorder  is  the formation of antibodies directed against spermatozoa antigens. Anti-spermatozoa antibodies exert heterogeneous effects on the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize. The inhibiting  effect  of  anti-spermatozoa  antibodies  on  the  motility  of  spermatozoa  by  binding  to  their surface and by agglutinating processes is well-known (Zouari R et al: Fertil Steril (1993) 59, 606-12). The  penetration  of  the  spermatozoa  into  the  cervical  mucus  is  impaired  by  the  presence  of  anti-spermatozoa  antibodies  in  the  seminal  plasma  and/or  in  the  cervical  mucus  (Eggert-Kruse W  et  al: Hum  Reprod  (1993)  8,  1025-31).  Anti-spermatozoa  antibodies  negatively  influence  the  capacitation and  the  acrosome  reaction  of  spermatozoa  and  thereby  impede  the  interaction  of  the  spermatozoa with the oocyte (Francavilla F et al: Front Biosci (1999): 1;4:9-25; Bohring C et al.: Hum Reprod (2001) 7:113-8). The interaction of the spermatozoon with the oocyte and the subsequent binding to and penetration of the zona pellucida may be inhibited by anti-spermatozoa antibodies. The following fusion of the oocyte and  a  spermatozoon  may  also  be  impaired  by  the  presence  of  anti-spermatozoa  antibodies (Mazumdar S et al.: Fertil Steril (1998) 70, 799-810; Kutteh WH: Hum Reprod, (1999) 14, 2426-9). According to Crosignani et al. (Crosignani et al.: PG et al.: Hum Reprod (1998) 13, 2025-32) the rate of pregnancies in couples with anti-spermatozoa antibodies on the part of the man or the woman are 38% lower compared to the control groups. Furthermore an influence on the implantation and on the early embryological development could be confirmed. An association of anti-spermatozoa antibodies and miscarriages is discussed. The frequency of anti-spermatozoa antibodies in infertile couples amounts to 20% (Lahteenmaki A et al.: Hum Reprod (1995) 10, 2824-28; Nagy ZP et al.: Hum Reprod (1995) 10, 1775-80). Anti-spermatozoa  antibodies  may  occur  dissolved  in  the  ejaculate  or  bound  to  the  surface  of spermatozoa. Anti-spermatozoa antibodies may be found in men and in women (Clarke GN et al.: Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol (1985) 7, 143-7). In women anti-spermatozoa antibodies may be found in cervical mucus, oviduct  liquid and follicular  liquid.  Men having more than 50%  of their spermatozoa coated with anti-spermatozoa antibodies show a conspicuously reduced rate of fertility (Abshagen K et al.: Fertil Steril (1998) 70, 355-6).
3.Fields of Application
The  Anti-Spermatozoa  Antibody  ELISA  can  be  applied  in  the  clinical  practice  for  the  diagnosis immunologically caused infertility in men and in women.
4.Principles of the Assay Method
The  anti-spermatozoa  antibody  ELISA  (Enzyme  Linked  ImmunoSorbent  Assay)  is  a  solid-phase sandwich  enzyme-immunoassay for the quantitative  determination of anti-spermatozoa antibodies in human serum. The  ELISA-plate  is  coated  with  a  mix  of  spermatozoa  proteins  which  are  recognized  by  anti-spermatozoa antibodies. The samples and standards are pipetted into the wells and then incubated. During  this  incubation  anti-spermatozoa  antibodies  bind  to  the  spermatozoa  proteins  and  are  thus immobilised  on  the  plate.  After  washing  the  enzyme  conjugate,  consisting  of  anti-human  globulin antibodies  covalently  coupled  to  horseradish  peroxidase,  is  added.  After  removal  of  the  unbound conjugate by washing the horseradish peroxidase oxidizes the then added substrate TMB (3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine) yielding a colour reaction which is stopped with 0.5 N acidic solution.The  extinction  is  measured  at  a  wavelength  of  450  nm  with  a  microplate  reader.  The  use  of  a reference measurement with a wavelength  ≥ 550 nm is recommended.
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